The present invention relates to a gas turbine engine and,
more particularly, to a system for guiding a valve used in a two stage pneumatic
switching valve.
A gas turbine engine may be used to supply power to various
types of vehicles and systems, including, for example, an aircraft. Many gas turbine
engines include at least one or more compressor sections, a combustor section, and
a turbine section. The one or more compressor sections receive a flow of intake
air and raise the pressure of this air to a relatively high level. The air then
enters the combustor section where fuel nozzles inject a steady stream of fuel thereto,
and the injected fuel is ignited by a burner. When the energy of the compressed
air is sufficiently increased, the high-energy compressed air then flows into and
through the turbine section, causing rotationally mounted turbine blades to rotate
and generate energy.
In addition to providing propulsion power, the gas turbine
engine may also be used to supply either, or both, electrical and pneumatic power
to the aircraft. Some gas turbine engines include a bleed air port between the compressor
section and the turbine section which diverts a portion of the compressed air from
the compressor section to various aircraft systems and/or components. For example,
the bleed air may be used in aircraft cabin cooling systems, deicing systems, or
simply bled overboard to assist in engine starting and surge protection. In some
configurations, the flow of the bleed air is governed by one or more bleed valves
that are controlled by one or more control valves, such as a switching valve assembly.
When instantaneous control of the bleed air flow is preferred,
a two stage switching valve assembly may be employed. In one configuration, the
two stage switching valve assembly includes a three-way solenoid valve that operates
a second stage, three-way pneumatic amplifier, such as a poppet valve. The solenoid
valve is adapted to receive a current and, in response, opens or closes to respectively
allow or prevent bleed air flow through it. The poppet valve, in response to the
flow of bleed air through the solenoid valve, slides back and forth through a cylinder-like
housing to engage either an upper valve seat or a lower valve seat, and thereby
control bleed air delivery. When the poppet engages the upper valve seat, bleed
air is prevented from flowing to various aircraft systems and/or components. Conversely,
when the poppet engages the lower valve seat, bleed air is allowed to flow to the
various aircraft systems and/or components.
Although the above described two stage switching valve
system configuration adequately controls the flow of the bleed air, it has certain
drawbacks. For example, after repeated contact between the poppet and housing, the
poppet may abrade the housing and cause wear and erosion thereof. As a result, surfaces
of the poppet and/or the housing may become rough or galled, preventing the poppet
from moving smoothly through the housing. Additionally, the poppet may become misaligned
relative to the housing seating surfaces.
Therefore, there is a need for a switching valve system
that includes a poppet that does not abrade the housing within which it is located.
Moreover, it is desirable for the poppet and components in the housing to remain
aligned, even after repeated usage. The present invention addresses one or more
of these needs.
The present invention provides a bleed air control valve
system. In one embodiment, and by way of example only, the system includes a housing,
a piston, a cap, a poppet, a first guide ring, and a second guide ring. The housing
includes a first end, a second end, and an inner surface having an upper valve seat
extending radially inwardly therefrom. The piston is located at least partially
in the housing proximate the housing first end, and the piston is configured to
move axially through the housing between a first position and a second position.
The cap is coupled to the housing second end and includes a plate and an annular
axial section extending therefrom. The annular axial section is located in the housing
second end and has a lower valve seat formed thereon. The poppet is located at least
partially within the housing downstream of the piston and includes a piston coupling
section, a valve body section, and a guide section, the piston coupling section
coupled to the piston, the valve body section including an outer surface having
an upper valve seat contact surface and a lower valve seat contact surface extending
radially outwardly therefrom, the upper valve seat contact surface contacting the
upper valve seat when the piston is in the first position, the lower valve seat
contact surface contacting the lower valve seat when the piston is in the second
position, and the guide section extending through the cap annular axial section.
The first guide ring is coupled to the piston and extends radially outwardly therefrom
contacting the housing inner surface. The second guide ring is coupled to the poppet
guide section and extends radially outwardly therefrom contacting the cap annular
axial section.
In another embodiment, and by way of example only, a control
valve is provided for controlling air flow in a system including an inlet and an
outlet. The control valve includes a solenoid, a ball pilot valve, a housing, a
piston, a cap, a poppet, a first guide ring, and a second guide ring. The solenoid
is adapted to receive a current. The ball pilot valve assembly is in communication
with the solenoid and located between the inlet and the outlet. The ball pilot valve
assembly is movable when the solenoid receives the current between at least (i)
a closed position, in which the inlet is not in fluid communication with the outlet,
and (ii) an open position, in which the inlet is in fluid communication with the
outlet allowing the air to flow therebetween. The housing includes a first end,
a second end, and an inner surface, and the housing inner surface defines a chamber
in communication with the outlet and has an upper valve seat extending radially
inwardly therefrom. The piston is located at least partially in the housing proximate
the housing first end and has an upstream side and a downstream side. The piston
upstream end is configured to receive the air from the outlet and to cause the piston
to move, in response thereto, axially through the housing between a first position
and a second position. The cap is coupled to the housing second end and includes
a plate and an annular axial section extending therefrom. The annular axial section
is located in the housing second end and has an annular end defining a lower valve
seat thereon. The poppet is located at least partially within the housing downstream
of the piston and includes a piston coupling section, a valve body section, and
a guide section, where the piston coupling section is coupled to the piston downstream
side, the valve body section includes an outer surface having an upper valve seat
contact surface and a lower valve seat contact surface extending radially outwardly
therefrom, the upper valve seat contact surface contacts the upper valve seat when
the piston is in the first position and the lower valve seat contact surface contacting
the lower valve seat when the piston is in the second position, and the guide section
extends through the cap annular axially extending section. The first guide ring
is coupled to the piston and extending radially outwardly therefrom to contact the
housing inner surface. The second guide ring is coupled to the poppet guide section
and extends radially outwardly therefrom to contact the cap annular axially extending
section.
Other independent features and advantages of the preferred
system will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction
with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles
of the invention.
IN THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic of an exemplary multi-spool
turbofan gas turbine engine; and
FIG. 2 is a cross section of an exemplary switching valve
system that may be implemented in the engine depicted in FIG. 1.
Before proceeding with the detailed description, it is
to be appreciated that the following detailed description is merely exemplary in
nature and is not intended to limit the invention or the application and uses of
the invention. In this regard, it is to be additionally appreciated that the described
embodiment is not limited to use in conjunction with a particular type of turbine
engine. Hence, although the present embodiment is, for convenience of explanation,
depicted and described as being implemented in a multi-spool gas turbine jet engine,
it will be appreciated that it can be implemented in various other types of turbines,
and in various other systems and environments. Furthermore, there is no intention
to be bound by any theory presented in the preceding background or the following
detailed description.
A simplified representation of an exemplary multi-spool
turbofan gas turbine jet engine 100 is depicted in FIG. 1, and includes an intake
section 102, a compressor section 104, a combustion section 106, a turbine section
108, and an exhaust section 110. The intake section 102 includes a fan 112, which
is mounted in a fan case 114. The fan 112 draws air into the intake section 102
and accelerates it. A fraction of the accelerated air exhausted from the fan 112
is directed through a bypass section 116 (shown only partially in FIG. 1) located
between the fan case 114 and an engine case 118, and provides a forward thrust.
The remaining fraction of air exhausted from the fan 112 is directed into the compressor
section 104.
The compressor section 104 includes two compressors, a
low pressure compressor 120, and a high pressure compressor 122. The low pressure
compressor 120 raises the pressure of the air directed into it from the fan 112,
and directs the compressed air into the high pressure compressor 122. The high pressure
compressor 122 compresses the air still further, and directs the high pressure air
into the combustion section 106. A bleed air port 125 is located downstream if the
high pressure compressor 122 and is configured to bleed a portion of the compressed
air to various channels leading to other sections of the aircraft. Regulation of
bleed air flow is governed by a switching valve system 150, which will be discussed
in more detail below. In the combustion section 106, which includes a combustor
124, a plurality of non-illustrated fuel injectors, and one or more non-illustrated
igniters, the high pressure air is mixed with fuel and combusted. The combusted
air is then directed into the turbine section 108.
The turbine section 108 includes two turbines, a high pressure
turbine 126 and a low pressure turbine 128, located in axial flow series in the
engine case 118. The combusted air from the combustion section 106 expands through
each turbine 126, 128, causing each to rotate. The air is then exhausted through
a propulsion nozzle located in the exhaust section 110, providing addition forward
thrust. As the turbines rotate, each drives equipment in the engine 100 via concentrically
located shafts or spools. For example, the low pressure turbine 128 drives the fan
112 and the low pressure compressor 120 via a low pressure spool 136, and the high
pressure turbine 126 drives the high pressure compressor 122 via a high pressure
spool 134.
The overall operation of the engine 100 is controlled via
an engine controller 144. The engine controller 144, as is generally known, is used
to control the output power of the engine 100 by, for example, controlling fuel
flow rate to the engine 100, and controlling airflow through the engine 100. The
engine controller 144 also controls the flow of turbine bleed air from the engine
100 to various sections of the aircraft for starting the main engine, controlling
the aircraft environment, controlling cabin pressure, and/or de-icing the aircraft.
In the depicted embodiment, the engine controller 144 receives signals from a plurality
of sensors 146 that are located at various locations on and within the engine 100.
The sensors 146 are used to sense various physical parameters associated with the
engine 100 such as, for example, various temperatures, engine speed, and air flow,
and supply signals representative of the sensed parameters to the engine controller
144. The engine controller 144 processes the signals received from the sensors 146
and, among other things, supplies various commands to various components of the
engine 100 to control its operation. It will be appreciated that the engine controller
144 may be any one of numerous types of engine controllers such as, for example,
a FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine Controller).
As briefly mentioned above, the switching valve system
150 governs the flow of bleed air. The switching valve system 150 is coupled to
the engine controller 144 and selectively bleeds and directs some of the air discharged
from the compressor section 104 to one or more sections of the aircraft via a downstream
channel 168. FIG. 2 shows an exemplary switching valve system 150, which includes
a bleed air conduit system 152 that is coupled to a two stage solenoid-activated
control system 154. The bleed air conduit system 152 receives bleed air from the
bleed air port 125 and includes an inlet 158, a first stage outlet 160, a second
stage outlet 162 and first and second stage channels 164, 166 that fluidly couple
the inlet 158 and outlets 160, 162 together, respectively.
The two stage solenoid-activated control system 154 includes
a first stage solenoid valve assembly 170 and a second stage poppet valve assembly
172. The two assemblies 170, 172 cooperate to substantially instantaneously supply
or prevent bleed air flow upon receiving appropriate commands from, for example,
the engine controller 144. The first stage solenoid valve assembly 170 is in flow
communication with the first stage channel 164 to receive air from the inlet 158,
and includes a solenoid 174, an actuator 176, and a ball pilot valve 178. The solenoid
174 is electrically coupled to receive current from a non-illustrated energy source
which may receive energize/de-energize commands from the engine controller 144.
The energized solenoid 174 causes the actuator 176 to move. The ball pilot valve
178 is coupled to the actuator 176 and includes at least a portion that is configured
to move into and out of the first stage outlet 160.
The second stage poppet valve assembly 172 fluidly communicates
with the first stage solenoid valve assembly 170 via a valve connector channel 177
and with the bleed air conduit system 152 via the second stage channel 166. The
second stage poppet valve assembly 172 includes a housing 180, a piston 182, a poppet
184, an upper and a lower valve seat 186, 188, and two guide rings 190, 192. The
housing 180 is preferably at least substantially cylindrical and has an inner surface
194 that defines an upper chamber 196 and a lower chamber 197. A valve opening 198
formed in the housing 180 provides communication between the upper chamber 196 and
the valve connector channel 177, while one or more bleed air openings 200 formed
downstream of the valve opening 198 provides communication between the upper chamber
196 and the bleed air conduit system 152. The housing 180 also includes one or more
main outlets 202 and a vent outlet 203 formed therein to provide communication between
the lower chamber 197 and the downstream channel 168 and ambient environment 199,
respectively.
In some embodiments, such as shown in FIG. 2, the vent
outlet 203 is covered with a cap 204 to prevent debris that may be present in the
ambient environment 199 from entering the poppet valve assembly 172 and hampering
functional operation. The cap 204 includes a plate 206 having a plurality of apertures
208 formed therein and an annular axial section 212 that extends from the plate
206 into the lower chamber 197. The end of the annular axial section 212 includes
the lower valve seat 188 formed thereon. In other embodiments, the lower valve seat
188 may be formed on the housing inner surface 194 in the lower chamber 197 and
may extend radially inwardly therefrom.
The upper valve seat 186 is located between the upper and
lower chambers 196, 197 and is also configured to selectively contact a portion
of the poppet 184. In one exemplary embodiment, such as illustrated in FIG. 2, the
upper valve seat 186 extends radially inwardly from the housing inner surface 194
forming an annular flange thereon.
The piston 182 is located between the valve opening 198
and upper valve seat 186 and is configured to slidably move therebetween. In this
regard, the piston 182 is generally disk-shaped and has an upstream side 216 in
communication with the bleed air and a downstream side 218. The downstream side
218 is coupled to the poppet 184 which may be fastened thereto in any one of numerous
fashions. A dynamic seal 220 may be located around the outer peripheral surface
of the piston 182 to at least substantially prevent bleed air leakage through the
poppet valve assembly 172. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the piston 182 and
a substantially closed upstream end 222 of the poppet 184 each include fastener
openings 224, 226 formed therein through which a bolt 228 is threaded. Preferably,
the bolt 228 forms a leaktight seal with the piston 182 to prevent air from flowing
through the fastener openings 224, 226. Thus, in some cases, washers 230, 232, or
other sealing mechanisms are located in the fastener openings 224, 226.
The poppet 184 extends from the piston 182 through the
housing 180 and includes a piston coupling section 234, a valve body section 236,
and a guide section 238. The piston coupling section 234, as alluded to above, includes
the substantially closed upstream end 222, and also briefly alluded to above, is
fastened to the piston 182. The valve body section 236 extends between the housing
upper valve seat 186 and the housing outlet 202 and has an outer surface 240 from
which an upstream and a lower valve seat contact surface 242, 244 extend radially
outward. It will be appreciated that the upper valve seat contact surface 242 is
configured to contact the upper valve seat 186, while the lower valve seat contact
surface 244 is configured to contact against the lower valve seat 188. In some embodiments,
such as shown in FIG. 2, each of the valve seats 186, 214 and valve seat contact
surfaces 242, 244 are chamfered to reduce wear caused by repeated contact therebetween.
The guide section 238 prevents the components of the second
stage poppet valve assembly 172 from becoming misaligned and extends at least partially
through the annular axial section 212 of the cap 204. To further ensure alignment
of the piston 182 and poppet 184, the guide rings 190, 192 are included. The guide
rings 190, 192 are preferably made of non-metallic material that is different than
the materials from which the housing 180, piston 182, poppet 184, and cap 204 are
made, and that is wear and friction resistant. For example, suitable materials include
various wear resistant, low friction thermoplastics such as, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene,
filled tetrafluoroethylene polymers, polyetheretheketones, and filled polyimide
resins. Preferably, one guide ring 190 is located on the outer peripheral surface
of the piston 182 to thereby maintain a predetermined distance between the piston
182 and the housing inner surface 194, while the other guide ring 192 is coupled
to an outer surface of the guide section 238 to maintain the poppet 184 and the
cap annular axial section 212 spaced apart a predetermined distance from one another.
In some embodiments, the guide section 238 may be configured
to provide additional pathways for the bleed air to travel when the poppet 184 is
unseated from the lower valve seat 188. In this regard, openings 246 may be included
in the guide section 238 that are formed between the lower valve seat contact surface
244 and downstream end 248 of the poppet 184.
During aircraft operation when the two stage solenoid actuated
system 154 is de-energized, bleed air enters the bleed air conduit system inlet
158. Because the solenoid 174 is de-energized, the actuator 176 moves the ball pilot
valve 178 into the first stage outlet 160 preventing bleed air flow through the
first stage solenoid valve assembly 170. The bleed air does, however, flow into
the second stage poppet valve assembly 172. In particular, the bleed air travels
through the second stage outlet 162 through one or more of the bleed air openings
200 of the housing 180 and exerts pressure against the downstream side 218 of the
piston 182 to maintain the piston 182 in a first, closed position. As a result,
the upper valve seat contact surface 242 contacts the upper valve seat 186 preventing
the bleed air from flowing to the downstream channel 168. When bleed air is needed,
the solenoid 174 moves the actuator 176, which, in turn, lifts the ball pilot valve
178 out of the first stage outlet 160 allowing the bleed air conduit system inlet
158 and the second stage housing valve opening 198 to fluidly communication with
one another. Consequently, bleed air flows through the first stage channel 164 and
the valve connector channel 177 to the second stage poppet valve assembly 172.
When the bleed air from the valve connector channel 177
contacts the piston 182, the piston 182 and the poppet 184 slide axially through
the housing 180 to a second, open position where the lower valve seat contact surface
244 seats against the lower valve seat 188. As a result, bleed air in the inlet
158 flows through the second stage channel 166 into and through the housing bleed
air openings 200, around the upper valve seat contact surface 242 through one or
more of the main outlets 202, and into the downstream channel 168. After a sufficient
amount of air is bled into the downstream channel 168, solenoid 174 is de-energized.
As a result, bleed air in the first stage solenoid assembly 170 is vented through
a non-illustrated vent, the ball pilot valve 178 returns to a position to block
the first stage outlet 160, and the upper valve seat contact surface 242 seats against
the upper valve seat 186. Additionally, in many cases, a residual amount of bleed
air may be present in the downstream channel 168 and may need to be vented. In such
case, the bleed air reenters the lower chamber 197 of the housing 180 and because
the lower valve seat contact surface 244 is unseated from the lower valve seat 188,
the air is able to flow therearound and to exit into the ambient environment 199
via the cap plate apertures 208.
During operation, the guide rings 190, 192 prevent the
piston 182, poppet 184, and housing 180 from abrading. Additionally, the guide rings
190, 192, in conjunction with the poppet guide section 238, maintain the piston
182 and poppet 184 aligned within the housing 180.
While the invention has been described with reference to
a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various
changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without
departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be
made to adapt to a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention
without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that
the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best
mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include
all embodiments failing within the scope of the appended claims.